The SIFR organizes an annual conference on a theme in financial economics. The theme for 2016 is the financing of companies, banks and nation states after the financial crisis. Do we need new rules, new institutions and new markets? The conference is based on a dialog between academic economists and representatives of the financial sector. The financial crisis and the subsequent Euro crisis have reminded us how costly financial crises can be. In response to the recent crises, a number of important financial regulations in the EU, Sweden and the US have been changed and developed with the aim of reducing the risk of new crises and the consequences if one occurs. For example, the regulations have changed so that banks hold significantly more share capital today than before the crisis. Regardless of regulations and laws, the risk of crises can never be completely eliminated. Individual companies and banks, as well as political entities, will face payment problems. Therefore, it is important to have a clear regulatory framework that regulates how a company, bank or nation that can no longer survive on its own should be recapitalized or dissolved at the lowest possible cost. It is also important to review how organizations and markets function. The conference highlights the changes that have already been made and the need for further change.